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The Gharana or family is a school of a particular style of singing or
playing instruments, or a traditionally characteristic
individual style. The Gharanas are particularly relevant to the
Hindustani Classical music. The birth of
Gharanas must have
taken place in the 18th century with the idea of preserving the
tradition of music and the musical compositions. A
Gharana has got a
particular discipline, system and style. The character and style
of traditionally disciplined music of a
gharana remains with
one generation only, and in due course one of the brilliant
pupils adds his own individual contribution and creates a new
style of singing. In his perceptive book, "Indian Musical
Traditions", Sri Vamanrao Deshpande says that "each
gharana has its origin
in the distinctive quality of the voice of its founder and it is
this quality which broadly determines his style."
The following are the important Gharanas
of Hindustani vocal music:
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Agra Gharana:
Founders: Haji Sujan Khan;
Ustad Gagghe Khuda Bakhsh
Exponents:
Faiyyaz Khan, Latafat Hussain Khan, Dinkar
Kaikini and Lalith Rao.
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Benaras Gharana:
Founder:
Pandit Gopal Mishra (a saarangiya)
Exponents:
Rajan Mishra and Sajan Mishra.
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Bhendi Bazaar Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Chajju Khan
Exponents:
Aman Ali Khan, Shashikala Koratkar, etc.
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Delhi Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Mamman Khan (a saarangiya)
Exponents: Chand
Khan, Nasir Ahmed Khan, Usman Khan, Iqbal Ahmed Khan
and Krishna Bisht.
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Gwalior Gharana:
Founders:
Ustad Hassu Khan, Ustad Haddu Khan and Ustad Nathu
Khan
Exponents:
Balakrishna Buva Ichalkaranjikar, Vinayakrao
Patwardhan, Vishnu Digambar Palsukar, D.V.Paluskar,
Narayan Rao Vyas, Omkarnath Thakur, Malini Rajurkar,
Veena Sahasrabuddhe, Sunanda Patnaik, Ram Marathe,
Rajubhaya Poochwale, Krishna Rao Shankar Pandit and
Ulhas Kashalkar.
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Indore Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Amir Khan
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Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Alladiya Khan
Exponents:
Kesarbai Kerkar, Mogubai Kurdikar, Kishori Amonkar,
Mallikarjun Mansur, Vinayakrao Kulkarni, Ashwini
Bhide, Padmavati Shaligram-Gokhale, Arati Ankalikar,
Shruti Sadolikar and Padma Talwalkar.
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Jaipur-Mewati Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Abdul Karim Khan
Exponents:
Motiram, Maniram, Jasraj, Pratap Narayan, Sanjeev
Abhyankar
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Kirana Gharana:
Founders: Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan
Exponents: Sawai
Gandharva, Gangubai Hangal, Bhimsen Joshi, Hirabai
Barodekar, Basavaraj Rajguru, Rasiklal Andharia,
Prabha Atre, Phiroz Dastur, Saraswati Rane, Jitendra
Abhisheki and Nachiketa Sharma.
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Patiala Gharana: Founder:
Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ali Bakhsh
Exponents:
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Munawar Ali Khan, Raza
Ali Khan,
Ajoy Chakraborty, Dilshad Khan, Khan, Parveen
Sultana, Begum Akhtar, Naina Devi, Nirmala Devi and
Lakshmi Shankar.
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Qawwaal Bachche Gharana:
Founder:
Hazrat Amir Khusrau
Exponents: Ghulam Ali (Pakistan)
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Ramdasi Gharana:
Founder:
Baba Ramdas Bairagi
Exponents: Baba Surdas; Pandit Narayan; J. Dhamodar; Pandit Sitaram;
Ramesh Das; Bhai Gopal Singh, Baba Prabhu Das, Ustad
Karim Baksh; Bhai Gurdit Singh;
Ustad Allam Ali Khan and Bhai Gopal Singh.
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Rampur Gharana:
It is the latest and last of the greatest
gharanas
of India. Founded by Bahadur Hussain and Amir Khan,
it was characterised by some special charms in the
use of alap,
dhrupad, and dhamar and in
instrumental music which were not found anywhere in
India.
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Rampur-Seheswan Gharana:
Founder:
Ustad Inayat Khan
Exponents:
Nisar Husain Khan, Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Rashid Khan,
Sulochana Brihaspati, etc.
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Rangeela Gharana:
It was the new colour given to the Agra Gharana by
Ustad Faiyyaz Khan.
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Unclassified:
Exponents:
Kumar Gandharva, Girija Devi, Siddeshwari Devi and
Tarapada Chakraborty.
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The other Gharanas of
Hindustani music include:
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Seni Gharana
of Dhrupad and Rabab: This was formed by three
great brothers, Jaffar Khan, Payar Khan and Basat
Khan of Lucknow and Benaras.
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Seni
Veenkaras: This was formed by Nirmal Sha of
Lucknow.
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Kawal Gharana:
This was formed by Bade Mohammed Khan Kawal, of
Lucknow and Gwalior.
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Betia Gharana
of Dhrupad: This was
formed by the disciples of Haidar Khan
Seni of Lucknow, who were the
kathakiyas
of Benaras, as well as Muslim Ustads of Kalpi.
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Bishnupur
Gharana of Dhrupad: This was formed by Bahadur
Khan Seni, through his disciple Ramshankar
Bhattacherjee.
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Tilmandi
Gharana of Punjabi Dhrupad singers.
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Lahore
Gharana by Punjabi
kheyalias,
who were disciples of Shah-Sadarang.
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Dagar Gharana: Bairam Khan, a great scholar and Dhrupad singer, who was a
descendant of a priestly line of Mathura, founded
this gharana
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